An electrolytic capacitor is a special type of capacitor that uses electrolytes as part of its plate whereby it conducts alternating current while at the same time blocking direct current, storing energy and filtering signals in accordance to their frequencies. Majority of electrolytic capacitors can be operated with low voltage to safeguard the capacitor. They have a large capacity that enables them to store large energy amounts and are therefore mostly used in powers supplies.
There are two types that are mostly used, that is: aluminium and tantalum capacitors.Tantalum capacitors are mostly used due to their high performance and are generally more costly as compared to the aluminium type. Aluminium electrolyte capacitors are made using aluminium foils one with a layer of insulating aluminium oxide. Thinness of this layer allows for high capacitance in effect hence higher energy density.
There are some special types that are usually non-polarized and are available for AC operation. In this type of capacitor, there is full thick oxide layers that serve to prevent reverse current from damaging the electrolyte. In modern days, capacitors are designed with a safety valve used to prevent the liquid from leaking thu reducing its rupturing.
The electrolyte used in many electrolytic capacitors has a mixture of sodium borate and boric acid in balanced proportions to ensure that there is balance between chemical stability and ensure that electrical resistance is minimal. The electrolyte may be highly corrosive requiring safety procedures to be an working with it by ensuring availability of appropriate protective gadgets as a precautionary measure. Many electrolytes contain water which serves to lower series resistance.Some electrolytes used in electrolytic capacitors are non-aqueous using little amount of water and weak acid thus less corrosive. The acids used in the electrolytes usually contain organic acids or some inorganic acids and at times have ammonium and metal salts.
There are as well, other solvent based electrolytes that are mainly based in alkanolamines. Capacitors especially those of aluminium type may change over time with a tolerance of about 0.2. On the other hand, Tantalum capacitors are more stable comparatively with a higher tolerance rate. It have many conditions that determine their value such as the thickness of the dielectric area.Usually, the dielectric in electrolytic capacitors mostly depends on on the metal oxide layer: its formation and maintenance. Electrolytic capacitors will fail if the water contained therein evaporates.
It may come in different varieties such as the aluminium electrolytic capacitor which have corrosive liquid and they require constant rejuvenating voltage to avoid their inability to withstand high voltage. Tantalum electrolytic capacitors usually have a lesser energy density and have higher tolerances as compared to alumunium ones. They have stable capacitance per unit volume and are more expensive comparatively. There are also solid aluminium electrolytic capacitors that are usually dipped in solid semi conductive material unlike liquid electrolyte solutions. The life of this capacitors is shortened by high temperatures and ripple currents.
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