Ground source heat pumps require a heat exchange with the earth that is of sufficient capacity to handle the seasonal loads that it will be subjected to. With closed loop systems the heat exchanger is built into the earth and will only affect the area that it is built into. If the heat exchange rate with the earth is too low for the system demands the heat pump will have reduced efficiency and capacity or may get to a point where it will not work at all.
If a geothermal heat pump system is unable to operate as designed due to a lower than acceptable entering water temp it is most often because of a short loop situation. The heat pump may be locking out on low pressure or it may actually freeze the heat transfer fluid inside the earth loop coil inside the heat pump.
Short loops are not always short loops in that it is not always a case of not having enough pipe in the earth. There could be other problems that are giving us the symptoms of a short loop.
The issue is a reduced capacity to exchange heat. That could be that the loop lengths are too short. It could be that the loop field is too condensed. It could be that a loop in the manifold is kinked or pinched off. It could be that the pipe was not bedded or grouted properly and their are air gaps surrounding the pipe. If the system was not properly purged of air there may be an air bubble in one of the loops that is preventing flow through it. The flow centers or pumps system may not be flowing the fluid fast enough through the loops to create a turbid flow which is needed to get full capacity from the system.
The best way to avoid an improperly sized or constructed earth loop earth loop is to make sure your installer is experienced.
Do your homework on these systems yourself and if something with your install raises concerns speak up. Post a question on the forums and get multiple opinions from experienced professionals all over the country. The earth loop is the most critical part of the system and is very difficult to change things with it in the future.
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